پێرستی وەرگرانی خەڵاتی نۆبێل لە کیمیا
ڕواڵەت
ئەم وتارە لەوانەیە پێویستی بە خاوێنکردن ھەبێت تا بگات بە شێوازی ستانداردی نووسین. |
خەڵاتی نۆبڵ لە کیمیا دەبەخشرێت لەلایەن ئەکادیمیای سویدی بۆ زانست بەو زانایانەی کە داھێنان و دۆزینەوەکیان ھەبێت لە بواری کیمیادا.
وەرگرەکان
[دەستکاری]ساڵ | وەرگر | وڵات | ھۆکاری وەرگرتن | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
١٩٠١ | Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff | the Netherlands | "[for his] discovery of the laws of chemical dynamics and پەستانی دەڵاندن in solutions"[١] | ||
١٩٠٢ | ھێرمان ئێمیل فیشەر | ئەڵمانیا | "[for] his work on شەکر and پیورین syntheses"[٢] | ||
١٩٠٣ | Svante August Arrhenius | Sweden | "[for] his electrolytic theory of لێکھەڵوەشان (کیمیا)"[٣] | ||
١٩٠٤ | Sir William Ramsay | United Kingdom | "[for his] discovery of the inert gaseous elements in air, and his determination of their place in the periodic system"[٤] | ||
١٩٠٥ | Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Adolf von Baeyer | ئەڵمانیا | "[for] the advancement of organic chemistry and the chemical industry, through his work on organic dyes and hydroaromatic compounds"[٥] | ||
١٩٠٦ | Henri Moissan | فەڕەنسا | "[for his] investigation and isolation of the element فلۆر، and for [the] electric furnace called after him"[٦] | ||
١٩٠٧ | Eduard Buchner | ئەڵمانیا | "for his biochemical researches and his discovery of cell-free fermentation"[٧] | ||
١٩٠٨ | ئێرنست ڕەدەرفۆرد | United Kingdom New Zealand |
"for his investigations into the disintegration of the elements, and the chemistry of تیشکەچالاکی"[٨] | ||
١٩٠٩ | Wilhelm Ostwald | ئەڵمانیا | "[for] his work on ھاندان and for his investigations into the fundamental principles governing chemical equilibria and rates of reaction"[٩] | ||
١٩١٠ | Otto Wallach | ئەڵمانیا | "[for] his services to organic chemistry and the chemical industry by his pioneer work in the field of alicyclic compounds"[١٠] | ||
١٩١١ | ماری کوری | Poland/فەڕەنسا | "[for] the discovery of the elements ڕادیۆم and پۆلۆنیۆم، by the isolation of radium and the study of the nature and compounds of this remarkable element"[١١] | ||
١٩١٢ | Victor Grignard | فەڕەنسا | "for the discovery of the [...] Grignard reagent"[١٢] | ||
Paul Sabatier | فەڕەنسا | "for his method of hydrogenating organic compounds in the presence of finely disintegrated metals"[١٢] | |||
١٩١٣ | Alfred Werner | Switzerland | "[for] his work on the linkage of atoms in molecules [...] especially in inorganic chemistry"[١٣] | ||
١٩١٤ | Theodore William Richards | United States | "[for] his accurate determinations of the atomic weight of a large number of chemical elements"[١٤] | ||
١٩١٥ | Richard Martin Willstätter | ئەڵمانیا | "for his researches on plant pigments, especially chlorophyll"[١٥] | ||
١٩١٦ | Not awarded | ||||
١٩١٧ | |||||
١٩١٨ | Fritz Haber | ئەڵمانیا | "for the synthesis of ammonia from its elements"[١٦] | ||
١٩١٩ | Not awarded | ||||
١٩٢٠ | Walther Hermann Nernst | ئەڵمانیا | "[for] his work in thermochemistry"[١٧] | ||
١٩٢١ | Frederick Soddy | United Kingdom | "for his contributions to our knowledge of the chemistry of radioactive substances, and his investigations into the origin and nature of isotopes"[١٨] | ||
١٩٢٢ | Francis William Aston | United Kingdom | "for his discovery, by means of his mass spectrograph, of isotopes, in a large number of non-radioactive elements, and for his enunciation of the whole-number rule"[١٩] | ||
١٩٢٣ | Fritz Pregl | نەمسا | "for his invention of the method of micro-analysis of organic substances"[٢٠] | ||
١٩٢٤ | Not awarded | ||||
١٩٢٥ | Richard Adolf Zsigmondy | ئەڵمانیا / Hungary | "for his demonstration of the heterogeneous nature of مڵ solutions and for the methods he used"[٢١] | ||
١٩٢٦ | The (Theodor) Svedberg | Sweden | "for his work on disperse systems"[٢٢] | ||
١٩٢٧ | Heinrich Otto Wieland | ئەڵمانیا | "for his investigations of the constitution of the bile acids and related substances"[٢٣] | ||
١٩٢٨ | Adolf Otto Reinhold Windaus | ئەڵمانیا | "[for] his research into the constitution of the sterols and their connection with the ڤیتامینs"[٢٤] | ||
١٩٢٩ | Arthur Harden | United Kingdom | "for their investigations on the fermentation of sugar and fermentative enzymes"[٢٥] | ||
Hans Karl August Simon von Euler-Chelpin | Sweden | ||||
١٩٣٠ | Hans Fischer | ئەڵمانیا | "for his researches into the constitution of ھیم and chlorophyll and especially for his synthesis of haemin"[٢٦] | ||
١٩٣١ | Carl Bosch | ئەڵمانیا | "[for] their contributions to the invention and development of chemical high pressure methods"[٢٧] | ||
Friedrich Bergius | ئەڵمانیا | ||||
١٩٣٢ | Irving Langmuir | United States | "for his discoveries and investigations in surface chemistry"[٢٨] | ||
١٩٣٣ | Not awarded | ||||
١٩٣٤ | Harold Clayton Urey | United States | "for his discovery of heavy hydrogen"[٢٩] | ||
١٩٣٥ | Frédéric Joliot | فەڕەنسا | "[for] their synthesis of new radioactive elements"[٣٠] | ||
Irène Joliot-Curie | فەڕەنسا | ||||
١٩٣٦ | Petrus (Peter) Josephus Wilhelmus Debye | the Netherlands | "[for his work on] molecular structure through his investigations on dipole moments and the diffraction of X-rays and electrons in gases"[٣١] | ||
١٩٣٧ | Walter Norman Haworth | United Kingdom | "for his investigations on carbohydrates and vitamin C"[٣٢] | ||
Paul Karrer | Switzerland | "for his investigations on carotenoids, flavins and vitamins A and B2" | |||
١٩٣٨ | Richard Kuhn | ئەڵمانیا | "for his work on carotenoids and ڤیتامینs"[٣٣] | ||
١٩٣٩ | Adolf Friedrich Johann Butenandt | ئەڵمانیا | "for his work on sex hormones"[٣٤] | ||
Leopold Ruzicka | Switzerland | "for his work on polymethylenes and higher terpenes"[٣٤] | |||
١٩٤٠ | Not awarded | ||||
١٩٤١ | |||||
١٩٤٢ | |||||
١٩٤٣ | George de Hevesy | ئەڵمانیا | "for his work on the use of isotopes as tracers in the study of chemical processes"[٣٥] | ||
١٩٤٤ | Otto Hahn | ئەڵمانیا | "for his discovery of the ناوکەکەرتبوون of heavy nuclei"[٣٦] | ||
١٩٤٥ | Artturi Ilmari Virtanen | Finland | "for his research and inventions in agricultural and nutrition chemistry, especially for his fodder preservation method"[٣٧] | ||
١٩٤٦ | James Batcheller Sumner | United States | "for his discovery that ئەنزیمs can be crystallized"[٣٨] | ||
John Howard Northrop | United States | "for their preparation of enzymes and ڤایرووس in a pure form"[٣٨] | |||
Wendell Meredith Stanley | United States | ||||
١٩٤٧ | Sir Robert Robinson | United Kingdom | "for his investigations on plant products of biological importance, especially the alkaloids"[٣٩] | ||
١٩٤٨ | Arne Wilhelm Kaurin Tiselius | Sweden | "for his research on electrophoresis and adsorption analysis, especially for his discoveries concerning the complex nature of the serum proteins"[٤٠] | ||
١٩٤٩ | پەڕگە:William Giauque Nobel.jpg | William Francis Giauque | United States | "for his contributions in the field of chemical thermodynamics, particularly concerning the behaviour of substances at extremely low temperatures"[٤١] | |
١٩٥٠ | Otto Paul Hermann Diels | Federal Republic of ئەڵمانیا | "for their discovery and development of the diene synthesis"[٤٢] | ||
Kurt Alder | Federal Republic of ئەڵمانیا | ||||
١٩٥١ | Edwin Mattison McMillan | United States | "for their discoveries in the chemistry of transuranium elements"[٤٣] | ||
Glenn Theodore Seaborg | United States | ||||
١٩٥٢ | Archer John Porter Martin | United Kingdom | "for their invention of partition chromatography"[٤٤] | ||
Richard Laurence Millington Synge | United Kingdom | ||||
١٩٥٣ | Hermann Staudinger | Federal Republic of ئەڵمانیا | "for his discoveries in the field of macromolecular chemistry"[٤٥] | ||
١٩٥٤ | Linus Carl Pauling | United States | "for his research into the nature of the chemical bond and its application to the elucidation of the structure of complex substances"[٤٦] | ||
١٩٥٥ | Vincent du Vigneaud | United States | "for his work on biochemically important sulphur compounds, especially for the first synthesis of a polypeptide hormone"[٤٧] | ||
١٩٥٦ | Sir Cyril Norman Hinshelwood | United Kingdom | "for their researches into the ڕێبازی کاردانەوەs"[٤٨] | ||
Nikolay Nikolaevich Semenov | یەکێتیی سۆڤیەت | ||||
١٩٥٧ | Lord (Alexander R.) Todd | United Kingdom | "for his work on نیوکلیۆتایدs and nucleotide co-enzymes"[٤٩] | ||
١٩٥٨ | Frederick Sanger | United Kingdom | "for his work on ئەنسۆلین، especially that of insulin"[٥٠] | ||
١٩٥٩ | Jaroslav Heyrovský | چێکۆسلۆڤاکیا | "for his discovery and development of the polarographic methods of analysis"[٥١] | ||
١٩٦٠ | پەڕگە:Willard Libby.jpg | Willard Frank Libby | United States | "for his method to use carbon-14 for age determination in archaeology, geology, geophysics, and other branches of science"[٥٢] | |
١٩٦١ | Melvin Calvin | United States | "for his research on the carbon dioxide assimilation in plants"[٥٣] | ||
١٩٦٢ | Max Ferdinand Perutz | United Kingdom | "for their studies of the structures of globular proteins"[٥٤] | ||
John Cowdery Kendrew | United Kingdom | ||||
١٩٦٣ | Karl Ziegler | Federal Republic of ئەڵمانیا | "for their discoveries in the field of the chemistry and technology of high polymers"[٥٥] | ||
Giulio Natta | Italy | ||||
١٩٦٤ | پەڕگە:Dorothy Hodgkin Nobel.jpg | Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin | United Kingdom | "for her determinations by X-ray techniques of the structures of important biochemical substances"[٥٦] | |
١٩٦٥ | Robert Burns Woodward | United States | "for his outstanding achievements in the art of organic synthesis"[٥٧] | ||
١٩٦٦ | Robert S. Mulliken | United States | "for his fundamental work concerning chemical bonds and the electronic structure of molecules by the molecular orbital method"[٥٨] | ||
١٩٦٧ | Manfred Eigen | Federal Republic of ئەڵمانیا | "for their studies of extremely fast chemical reactions, effected by disturbing the equilibrium by means of very short pulses of energy"[٥٩] | ||
Ronald George Wreyford Norrish | United Kingdom | ||||
George Porter | United Kingdom | ||||
١٩٦٨ | Lars Onsager | United States | "for the discovery of the reciprocal relations bearing his name, which are fundamental for the thermodynamics of irreversible processes"[٦٠] | ||
١٩٦٩ | Derek H. R. Barton | United Kingdom | "for their contributions to the development of the concept of conformation and its application in chemistry"[٦١] | ||
Odd Hassel | Norway | ||||
١٩٧٠ | Luis F. Leloir | ئارجەنتین | "for his discovery of sugar nucleotides and their role in the biosynthesis of carbohydrates"[٦٢] | ||
١٩٧١ | Gerhard Herzberg | Canada | "for his contributions to the knowledge of electronic structure and geometry of molecules, particularly free radicals"[٦٣] | ||
١٩٧٢ | Christian B. Anfinsen | United States | "for his work on ribonuclease, especially concerning the connection between the amino acid sequence and the biologically active conformation"[٦٤] | ||
Stanford Moore | United States | "for their contribution to the understanding of the connection between chemical structure and catalytic activity of the active centre of the ribonuclease molecule"[٦٤] | |||
William H. Stein | United States | ||||
١٩٧٣ | Ernst Otto Fischer | Federal Republic of ئەڵمانیا | "for their pioneering work, performed independently, on the chemistry of the organometallic, so called sandwich compounds"[٦٥] | ||
Geoffrey Wilkinson | United Kingdom | ||||
١٩٧٤ | Paul J. Flory | United States | "for his fundamental work, both theoretical and experimental, in the physical chemistry of پۆلیمەرs"[٦٦] | ||
١٩٧٥ | John Warcup Cornforth | Australia United Kingdom |
"for his work on the stereochemistry of enzyme-catalyzed reactions"[٦٧] | ||
Vladimir Prelog | Yugoslavia/Switzerland | "for his research into the stereochemistry of organic molecules and reactions"[٦٧] | |||
١٩٧٦ | William N. Lipscomb | United States | "for his studies on the structure of boranes illuminating problems of chemical bonding"[٦٨] | ||
١٩٧٧ | Ilya Prigogine | Belgium | "for his contributions to non-equilibrium thermodynamics, particularly the theory of dissipative structures"[٦٩] | ||
١٩٧٨ | Peter D. Mitchell | United Kingdom | "for his contribution to the understanding of biological energy transfer through the formulation of the chemiosmotic theory"[٧٠] | ||
١٩٧٩ | Herbert C. Brown | United States | "for their development of the use of boron- and phosphorus-containing compounds, respectively, into important reagents in organic synthesis"[٧١] | ||
Georg Wittig | Federal Republic of ئەڵمانیا | ||||
١٩٨٠ | Paul Berg | United States | "for his fundamental studies of the biochemistry of nucleic acids, with particular regard to recombinant-DNA"[٧٢] | ||
Walter Gilbert | United States | "for their contributions concerning the determination of base sequences in nucleic acids"[٧٢] | |||
Frederick Sanger | United Kingdom | ||||
١٩٨١ | Kenichi Fukui | Japan | "for their theories, developed independently, concerning the course of chemical reactions"[٧٣] | ||
Roald Hoffmann | United States | ||||
١٩٨٢ | Aaron Klug | United Kingdom | "for his development of crystallographic electron microscopy and his structural elucidation of biologically important nucleic acid-protein complexes"[٧٤] | ||
١٩٨٣ | Henry Taube | United States | "for his work on the mechanisms of electron transfer reactions, especially in metal complexes"[٧٥] | ||
١٩٨٤ | Robert Bruce Merrifield | United States | "for his development of methodology for chemical synthesis on a solid matrix"[٧٦] | ||
١٩٨٥ | Herbert A. Hauptman | United States | "for their outstanding achievements in developing direct methods for the determination of crystal structures"[٧٧] | ||
Jerome Karle | United States | ||||
١٩٨٦ | Dudley R. Herschbach | United States | "for their contributions concerning the dynamics of chemical elementary processes"[٧٨] | ||
Yuan T. Lee | United States / تایوان | ||||
John C. Polanyi | Canada / Hungary | ||||
١٩٨٧ | Donald J. Cram | United States | "for their development and use of molecules with structure-specific interactions of high selectivity"[٧٩] | ||
Jean-Marie Lehn | فەڕەنسا | ||||
Charles J. Pedersen | United States | ||||
١٩٨٨ | Johann Deisenhofer | Federal Republic of ئەڵمانیا | "for their determination of the three-dimensional structure of a photosynthetic reaction centre"[٨٠] | ||
Robert Huber | Federal Republic of ئەڵمانیا | ||||
Hartmut Michel | Federal Republic of ئەڵمانیا | ||||
١٩٨٩ | Sidney Altman | Canada United States |
"for their discovery of catalytic properties of RNA"[٨١] | ||
Thomas Cech | United States | ||||
١٩٩٠ | Elias James Corey | United States | "for his development of the theory and methodology of organic synthesis"[٨٢] | ||
١٩٩١ | Richard R. Ernst | Switzerland | "for his contributions to the development of the methodology of high resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy"[٨٣] | ||
١٩٩٢ | Rudolph A. Marcus | United States/Canada | "for his contributions to the theory of electron transfer reactions in chemical systems"[٨٤] | ||
١٩٩٣ | Kary B. Mullis | United States | "for contributions to the developments of methods within DNA-based chemistry [...] for his invention of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method"[٨٥] | ||
Michael Smith | Canada | "for contributions to the developments of methods within DNA-based chemistry [...] for his fundamental contributions to the establishment of oligonucleotide-based, site-directed mutagenesis and its development for protein studies"[٨٥] | |||
١٩٩٤ | George A. Olah | United States / Hungary | "for his contribution to carbocation chemistry"[٨٦] | ||
١٩٩٥ | Paul J. Crutzen | the Netherlands | "for their work in atmospheric chemistry, particularly concerning the formation and decomposition of ozone"[٨٧] | ||
Mario J. Molina | United States | ||||
F. Sherwood Rowland | United States | ||||
١٩٩٦ | Robert F. Curl Jr. | United States | "for their discovery of fullerenes"[٨٨] | ||
Sir Harold W. Kroto | United Kingdom | ||||
Richard E. Smalley | United States | ||||
١٩٩٧ | Paul D. Boyer | United States | "for their elucidation of the enzymatic mechanism underlying the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)"[٨٩] | ||
John E. Walker | United Kingdom | ||||
Jens C. Skou | Denmark | "for the first discovery of an ion-transporting enzyme, Na+, K+ -ATPase"[٨٩] | |||
١٩٩٨ | Walter Kohn | United States | "for his development of the density-functional theory"[٩٠] | ||
John A. Pople | United Kingdom | "for his development of computational methods in quantum chemistry"[٩٠] | |||
١٩٩٩ | ئەحمەد زوەیل | میسر United States |
"for his studies of the transition states of chemical reactions using femtosecond spectroscopy"[٩١] | ||
٢٠٠٠ | Alan J. Heeger | United States | "for their discovery and development of conductive polymers"[٩٢] | ||
Alan G. MacDiarmid | United States New Zealand | ||||
Hideki Shirakawa | Japan | ||||
٢٠٠١ | William S. Knowles | United States | "for their work on chirally catalysed hydrogenation reactions"[٩٣] | ||
Ryōji Noyori | Japan | ||||
K. Barry Sharpless | United States | "for his work on chirally catalysed oxidation reactions"[٩٣] | |||
٢٠٠٢ | John B. Fenn | United States | "for the development of methods for identification and structure analyses of biological macromolecules [...] for their development of soft desorption ionisation methods for mass spectrometric analyses of biological macromolecules"[٩٤] | ||
Koichi Tanaka | Japan | ||||
Kurt Wüthrich | Switzerland | "for the development of methods for identification and structure analyses of biological macromolecules [...] for his development of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy for determining the three-dimensional structure of biological macromolecules in solution"[٩٤] | |||
٢٠٠٣ | پیتەر ئەگری | United States | "for discoveries concerning channels in cell membranes [...] for the discovery of water channels"[٩٥] | ||
Roderick MacKinnon | United States | "for discoveries concerning channels in cell membranes [...] for structural and mechanistic studies of ion channels"[٩٥] | |||
٢٠٠٤ | Aaron Ciechanover | ئیسرائیل | "for the discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation"[٩٦] | ||
Avram Hershko | Israel | ||||
Irwin Rose | United States | ||||
٢٠٠٥ | Yves Chauvin | فەڕەنسا | "for the development of the metathesis method in organic synthesis"[٩٧] | ||
Robert H. Grubbs | United States | ||||
Richard R. Schrock | United States | ||||
٢٠٠٦ | Roger D. Kornberg | United States | "for his studies of the molecular basis of لەبەرگرتنەوە (بۆماوەزانی)"[٩٨] | ||
٢٠٠٧ | Gerhard Ertl | ئەڵمانیا | "for his studies of chemical processes on solid surfaces"[٩٩] | ||
٢٠٠٨ | Osamu Shimomura | Japan[١٠٠] | "for the discovery and development of the green fluorescent protein, GFP"[١٠١] | ||
Martin Chalfie | United States | ||||
Roger Y. Tsien | United States | ||||
٢٠٠٩ | Venkatraman Ramakrishnan | United States | "for studies of the structure and function of the ڕایبۆسۆم"[١٠٢] | ||
Thomas A. Steitz | United States | ||||
Ada E. Yonath | Israel | ||||
٢٠١٠ | Richard F. Heck | United States | "for palladium-catalyzed cross couplings in organic synthesis"[١٠٣] | ||
Ei-ichi Negishi | Japan | ||||
Akira Suzuki | Japan | ||||
٢٠١١ | Dan Shechtman | Israel | "for the discovery of quasicrystals"[١٠٤] | ||
٢٠١٢ | Robert Lefkowitz | United States | "for studies of G-protein-coupled receptors"[١٠٥] | ||
Brian Kobilka | United States | ||||
٢٠١٣ | Martin Karplus | United States نەمسا |
"for the development of multiscale models for complex chemical systems"[١٠٦] | ||
Michael Levitt | United States United Kingdom ئیسرائیل[١٠٧] | ||||
Arieh Warshel | United States Israel | ||||
٢٠١٤ | Eric Betzig | ویلایەتە یەکگرتووەکان | "for the development of super-resolved fluorescence microscopy" | [١٠٨] | |
Stefan W. Hell | ئەڵمانیا ڕۆمانیا[١٠٩] | ||||
William E. Moerner | ویلایەتە یەکگرتووەکان | ||||
٢٠١٥ | Tomas Lindahl | سوێد شانشینی یەکگرتوو |
"for mechanistic studies of DNA repair" | [١١٠] | |
Paul L. Modrich | ویلایەتە یەکگرتووەکان | ||||
Aziz Sancar | ویلایەتە یەکگرتووەکان تورکیا | ||||
٢٠١٦ | Jean-Pierre Sauvage | فەڕەنسا | "for the design and synthesis of molecular machines" | [١١١] | |
Fraser Stoddart | شانشینی یەکگرتوو ویلایەتە یەکگرتووەکان | ||||
Ben Feringa | ھۆلەند | ||||
٢٠١٧ | Jacques Dubochet | سویس | "for developing cryo-electron microscopy for the high-resolution structure determination of biomolecules in solution" | [١١٢] | |
Joachim Frank | ئەڵمانیا ویلایەتە یەکگرتووەکان[١١٣] | ||||
Richard Henderson | شانشینی یەکگرتوو | ||||
٢٠١٨ | Frances Arnold | ویلایەتە یەکگرتووەکان | "for the directed evolution of enzymes" | [١١٤] | |
George Smith | ویلایەتە یەکگرتووەکان | "for the phage display of peptides and antibodies" | |||
Sir Gregory Winter | شانشینی یەکگرتوو | ||||
٢٠١٩ | John B. Goodenough | ویلایەتە یەکگرتووەکان | "for the development of lithium ion batteries" | [١١٥] | |
M. Stanley Whittingham | شانشینی یەکگرتوو ویلایەتە یەکگرتووەکان | ||||
Akira Yoshino | ژاپۆن | ||||
٢٠٢٠ | Emmanuelle Charpentier | فەڕەنسا ئەڵمانیا |
"for the development of a method for genome editing" | [١١٦] | |
Jennifer Doudna | ویلایەتە یەکگرتووەکان |
سەرچاوەکان
[دەستکاری]- ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1901». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
- ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1902». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
- ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1903». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
- ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1904». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
- ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1905». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
- ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1906». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
- ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1907». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
- ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1908». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
- ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1909». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
- ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1910». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
- ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1911». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
- ^ ئ ا «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1912». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
- ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1913». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
- ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1914». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
- ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1915». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
- ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1918». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
- ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1920». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
- ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1921». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
- ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1922». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
- ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1923». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
- ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1925». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
- ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1926». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
- ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1927». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
- ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1928». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
- ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1929». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
- ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1930». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
- ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1931». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
- ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1932». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
- ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1934». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
- ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1935». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
- ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1936». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
- ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1937». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
- ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1938». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
- ^ ئ ا «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1939». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
- ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1943». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
- ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1944». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
- ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1945». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
- ^ ئ ا «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1946». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
- ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1947». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
- ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1948». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
- ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1949». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
- ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1950». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
- ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1951». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
- ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1952». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
- ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1953». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
- ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1954». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
- ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1955». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
- ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1956». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
- ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1957». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
- ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1958». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
- ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1959». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
- ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1960». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
- ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1961». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
- ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1962». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
- ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1963». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
- ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1964». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
- ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1965». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
- ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1966». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
- ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1967». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
- ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1968». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
- ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1969». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
- ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1970». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
- ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1971». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
- ^ ئ ا «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1972». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
- ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1973». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
- ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1974». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
- ^ ئ ا «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1975». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
- ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1976». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
- ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1977». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
- ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1978». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
- ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1979». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
- ^ ئ ا «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1980». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
- ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1981». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
- ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1982». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
- ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1983». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
- ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1984». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
- ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1985». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
- ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1986». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
- ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1987». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
- ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1988». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
- ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1989». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
- ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1990». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
- ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1991». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
- ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1992». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
- ^ ئ ا «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1993». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
- ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1994». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
- ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1995». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
- ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1996». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
- ^ ئ ا «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1997». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
- ^ ئ ا «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1998». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
- ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1999». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
- ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2000». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
- ^ ئ ا «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2001». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
- ^ ئ ا «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2002». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
- ^ ئ ا «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2003». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
- ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2004». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
- ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2005». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
- ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2006». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
- ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2007». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
- ^ As of 26 October 2008, the nobelprize.org website page for the 2008 award gives Shimomura's country as "USA". However, the press release from the Nobel Foundation on 8 October 2008, announcing the award, states that Shimomura is a Japanese citizen. «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2008–Press Release». Nobelprize.org. 2008-10-08. لە 2008-10-08 ھێنراوە.
- ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2008». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-08 ھێنراوە.
- ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2009». Nobelprize.org. لە 2009-10-07 ھێنراوە.
- ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2010». Nobelprize.org. لە 2009-10-06 ھێنراوە.
- ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2011». Nobelprize.org. لە 2011-10-05 ھێنراوە.
- ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2012». Nobelprize.org. لە 2012-10-13 ھێنراوە.
- ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2013». Nobelprize.org. لە 2013-10-09 ھێنراوە.
- ^ 3 Jewish professors -- two of them Israeli -- share 2013 Nobel Prize in chemistry | The Times of Israel
- ^ «Microscope work wins Nobel Prize». BBC. 8 October 2014. لە 19 July 2018 لە ڕەسەنەکەوە ئەرشیڤ کراوە. لە 21 June 2018 ھێنراوە.
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: نرخەکانی ڕێکەوت بپشکنە لە:|access-date=
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(یارمەتی) - ^ «Erviu Exclusiv Digi24. Stefan Hell, laureat al premiului Nobel: Educaţia primită în România m-a ajutat mult. Mi-a ușurat viața» (بە ڕۆمانی). لە 7 March 2016 لە ڕەسەنەکەوە ئەرشیڤ کراوە. لە 31 December 2015 ھێنراوە.
{{cite news}}
: نرخەکانی ڕێکەوت بپشکنە لە:|access-date=
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(یارمەتی) - ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2015». Nobelprize.org. لە 15 June 2017 لە ڕەسەنەکەوە ئەرشیڤ کراوە. لە 14 June 2017 ھێنراوە.
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: نرخەکانی ڕێکەوت بپشکنە لە:|access-date=
و|archive-date=
(یارمەتی) - ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2016». Nobelprize.org. لە 5 October 2016 لە ڕەسەنەکەوە ئەرشیڤ کراوە. لە 5 October 2016 ھێنراوە.
{{cite web}}
: نرخەکانی ڕێکەوت بپشکنە لە:|access-date=
و|archive-date=
(یارمەتی) - ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2017». Nobelprize.org. لە 6 April 2018 لە ڕەسەنەکەوە ئەرشیڤ کراوە. لە 4 October 2017 ھێنراوە.
{{cite web}}
: نرخەکانی ڕێکەوت بپشکنە لە:|access-date=
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(یارمەتی) - ^ Frank, Joachim (2017), Curriculum Vitae 9 October 2017 لە وەیبەک مەشین ئەرشیڤ کراوە.. Retrieved 4 October 2017.
- ^ Press Release: The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2018 3 October 2018 لە وەیبەک مەشین ئەرشیڤ کراوە.
- ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2019». Nobelprize.org. لە 9 October 2019 ھێنراوە.
{{cite web}}
: نرخەکانی ڕێکەوت بپشکنە لە:|access-date=
(یارمەتی)ڕاگرتنی شێوازی سەرچاوەی ١: url-status (بەستەر) - ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2020». Nobelprize.org. لە 7 October 2020 ھێنراوە.
{{cite web}}
: نرخەکانی ڕێکەوت بپشکنە لە:|access-date=
(یارمەتی)ڕاگرتنی شێوازی سەرچاوەی ١: url-status (بەستەر)
کۆمنزی ویکیمیدیا، میدیای پەیوەندیدار بە پێرستی وەرگرانی خەڵاتی نۆبێل لە کیمیا تێدایە. |