ئەمریکییە ئەفریقییەکان

ئەفریقییە ئەمریکییەکان (بە ئینگلیزی: African Americans) گرووپێکی نەتەوەیی ئەمریکییەکانە کە ڕەچەڵەکی بەشێک یان تەواویان دەگەڕێتەوە بۆ گرووپە ڕەگەزییە ڕەشپێستە ئەفریقییەکان.^[١]^[٢] ئەم وشەیە بەزۆری ئاماژەیە بۆ ڕەشپێستە کۆیلەکراوەکانی ئەمریکا. ئەمریکییە ڕەشپێستەکان سێیەم گەورەترین گرووپی نەتەوەیی و ڕەگەزین لە ئەمریکا (دوای ئەمریکییە سپی پێستەکان و ئەمریکییە ھیسپانی و لاتینییەکان).^[٣]^[٤]^[٥] زۆربەی ڕەشپێستەکانی ئەمریکا لە سنووری ئەمریکای ئێستادا کۆیلە نین.^[٦]^[٧] بە تێکڕا ڕەشپێستەکانی ئەمریکا ڕەچەڵەکی ڕۆژئاوا/ناوەندی ئەفریقا و ئەورووپییان ھەیە، ھەندێکیشیان ڕەچەڵەکی ھیندییان ھەیە. بەپێی ئامارەکانی نووسینگەی سەرژمێری ئەمریکا، کۆچبەرە ئەفریقییەکان بە گشتی خۆیان وەک ڕەشپێستی ئەمریکی ناناسێنن.^[٨] زۆرینەی ڕەھای کۆچبەرانی ئەفریقی لەبری ئەوە خۆیان لەگەڵ نەتەوەکانیان دەناسێنن. کۆچبەرانی ھەندێک وڵاتی کاری بی و ئەمریکای ناوەڕاست و ئەمریکای باشوور و ھەندێکی تر لەوانەیە ئەم وشەیە بۆ خۆیان بەکاربھێنن یان نەیکەن.^[٩] ھەمواری چواردەھەمی دەستووری ویلایەتە یەکگرتووەکانی ئەمریکا کە لە ساڵی ١٨٦٨ پەسەند کرا، بۆ یەکەمجار بە فەرمی ڕەشپێستەکانی ئەمریکای وەک «ھاوڵاتی ئەمریکی» ناساند. تا ساڵی ١٩٤٨ بەپێی ئەو یاسایانەی کە لەلایەن حکوومەتی ئەمریکاوە دەرکرابوون، قەدەغەکردنی کڕین یان ژیان لە خانوو یان گەڕەکێکدا لەلایەن ڕەشپێستەکانەوە بە تەواوی یاسایی بوو. سڵاو لە ھێزی ڕەش لە ئۆڵۆمپیاد، سڵاوی دەسەڵاتی ڕەشپێستەکان لە ئۆڵۆمپیادی ١٩٦٨دا ئاماژەیە بۆ ڕووداوێکی مێژوویی ئۆڵۆمپیادی ١٩٦٨ کە تێیدا دوو وەرزشکاری ڕەشپێستی ئەمریکی ناڕەزایەتیان دەربڕی بەرامبەر بە ڕەگەزپەرستی لە ئەمریکا.

سەرچاوەکان[دەستکاری]

^ "The Black Population: 2010" (PDF), Census.gov, September 2011. "Black or African Americans" refers to a person having origins in any of the Black racial groups of Africa. The Black racial category includes people who marked the "Black, African Am. , or Negro" checkbox. It also includes respondents who reported entries such as African American; Sub-Saharan African entries, such as Kenyan and Nigerian; and Afro-Caribbean entries, such as Haitian and Jamaican."
^ African Americans Law & Legal Definition: "African Americans are citizens or residents of the United States who have origins in any of the black populations of Africa. In the United States, the terms are generally used for Americans with at least partial Sub-Saharan African ancestry."
^ Carol Lynn Martin, Richard Fabes (2008). Discovering Child Development. Cengage Learning. p. 19. ISBN 978-1-111-80811-2. Retrieved October 25, 2014. most (but not all) Americans of African descent are grouped racially as Black; however, the term African American refers to an ethnic group, most often to people whose ancestors experienced slavery in the United States (Soberon, 1996). Thus, not all Blacks in the United States are African-American (for example, some are from Haiti and others are from the Caribbean).
^ Don C. Locke, Deryl F. Bailey (2013). Increasing Multicultural Understanding. SAGE Publications. p. 106. ISBN 978-1-4833-1421-1. Retrieved March 7, 2018. African American refers to descendants of enslaved Black people who are from the United States. The reason we use an entire continent (Africa) instead of a country (e.g. , Irish American) is because slave masters purposefully obliterated tribal ancestry, language, and family units in order to destroy the spirit of the people they enslaved, thereby making it impossible for their descendants to trace their history prior to being born into slavery.
^ American FactFinder, United States Census Bureau. "United States – QT-P4. Race, Combinations of Two Races, and Not Hispanic or Latino: 2000". Factfinder.census.gov. Archived from the original on 6 ژوئن 2011. Retrieved January 20, 2011. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |archivedate= (help) ٦ی حوزەیرانی ٢٠١١ لە وەیبەک مەشین، ئەرشیڤ کراوە.
^ Gomez, Michael A: Exchanging Our Country Marks: The Transformation of African Identities in the Colonial and Antebellum South, p. 29. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina, 1998.
^ Rucker, Walter C. (2006). The River Flows On: Black resistance, culture, and identity formation in early America. LSU Press. p. 126. ISBN 978-0-8071-3109-1.
^ Gates, Henry Louis Jr (2009). In Search of Our Roots: How 19 Extraordinary African Americans Reclaimed Their Past. New York: Crown Publishing. pp. 20–21.
^ Kusow, AM. "African Immigrants in the United States: Implications for Affirmative Action". Iowa State University. Retrieved May 16, 2016.

[1] "The Black Population: 2010" (PDF), Census.gov, September 2011. "Black or African Americans" refers to a person having origins in any of the Black racial groups of Africa. The Black racial category includes people who marked the "Black, African Am. , or Negro" checkbox. It also includes respondents who reported entries such as African American; Sub-Saharan African entries, such as Kenyan and Nigerian; and Afro-Caribbean entries, such as Haitian and Jamaican."

[2] African Americans Law & Legal Definition: "African Americans are citizens or residents of the United States who have origins in any of the black populations of Africa. In the United States, the terms are generally used for Americans with at least partial Sub-Saharan African ancestry."

[Cldcd-3] Carol Lynn Martin, Richard Fabes (2008). Discovering Child Development. Cengage Learning. p. 19. ISBN 978-1-111-80811-2. Retrieved October 25, 2014. most (but not all) Americans of African descent are grouped racially as Black; however, the term African American refers to an ethnic group, most often to people whose ancestors experienced slavery in the United States (Soberon, 1996). Thus, not all Blacks in the United States are African-American (for example, some are from Haiti and others are from the Caribbean).

[Locke-4] Don C. Locke, Deryl F. Bailey (2013). Increasing Multicultural Understanding. SAGE Publications. p. 106. ISBN 978-1-4833-1421-1. Retrieved March 7, 2018. African American refers to descendants of enslaved Black people who are from the United States. The reason we use an entire continent (Africa) instead of a country (e.g. , Irish American) is because slave masters purposefully obliterated tribal ancestry, language, and family units in order to destroy the spirit of the people they enslaved, thereby making it impossible for their descendants to trace their history prior to being born into slavery.

[tthqvu-5] American FactFinder, United States Census Bureau. "United States – QT-P4. Race, Combinations of Two Races, and Not Hispanic or Latino: 2000". Factfinder.census.gov. Archived from the original on 6 ژوئن 2011. Retrieved January 20, 2011. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |archivedate= (help) ٦ی حوزەیرانی ٢٠١١ لە وەیبەک مەشین، ئەرشیڤ کراوە.

[6] Gomez, Michael A: Exchanging Our Country Marks: The Transformation of African Identities in the Colonial and Antebellum South, p. 29. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina, 1998.

[7] Rucker, Walter C. (2006). The River Flows On: Black resistance, culture, and identity formation in early America. LSU Press. p. 126. ISBN 978-0-8071-3109-1.

[auto-8] Gates, Henry Louis Jr (2009). In Search of Our Roots: How 19 Extraordinary African Americans Reclaimed Their Past. New York: Crown Publishing. pp. 20–21.

[9] Kusow, AM. "African Immigrants in the United States: Implications for Affirmative Action". Iowa State University. Retrieved May 16, 2016.

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