یارمەتی:IPA
Symbol | Examples | Description |
---|---|---|
A | ||
[a] (![]() |
German Mann | For many English speakers, the first part of the ow sound in cow. Found in some dialects of English in cat or father. |
[ä] (![]() |
Mandarin 他 tā, American English ah, Spanish casa, French patte | |
[aː] (![]() |
German Aachen, French gare | Long [a]. |
[ɐ] (![]() |
RP cut, German Kaiserslautern | (In transcriptions of English, [ɐ] is usually written داڕێژە:Angle bracket.) |
[ɑ] (![]() |
Finnish Linna, Dutch bad | |
[ɑː] (![]() |
RP father, French pâte | Long [ɑ]. |
[ɑ̃] (![]() |
French Caen, sans, temps | Nasalized [ɑ]. |
[ɒ] (![]() |
RP cot | Like [ɑ], but with the lips slightly rounded. |
[ʌ] (![]() |
American English cut | Like [ɔ], but without the lips being rounded. (When داڕێژە:Angle bracket is used for English, it may really be [ɐ] or [ɜ].) |
[æ] (![]() |
RP cat | |
B | ||
[b] (![]() |
English babble | |
[ɓ] (![]() |
Swahili bwana | Like a [b] said with a gulp. See implosive consonants. |
[β] (![]() |
Spanish la Bamba, Kinyarwanda abana "children" | Like [b], but with the lips not quite touching. |
C | ||
[c] (![]() |
Turkish kebap "kebab", Czech stín "shadow", Romanian cameră "room"Greek και "and" | Between English tune (RP) and cute. Sometimes used instead for [tʃ] in languages like Hindi. |
[ç] (![]() |
German Ich | More of a y-coloration (more palatal) than [x]. Some English speakers have a similar sound in huge. To produce this sound, try whispering loudly the word "ye" as in "Hear ye!". |
[ɕ] (![]() |
Mandarin 西安 Xi'an, Polish ściana | More y-like than [ʃ]; something like English she. |
[ɔ] (![]() |
see under O | |
D | ||
[d] (![]() |
English dad | |
[ɗ] (![]() |
Swahili Dodoma | Like [d] said with a gulp. |
[ɖ] (![]() |
American English harder | Like [d] with the tongue curled or pulled back. |
[ð] (![]() |
English the, bathe | |
[dz]1 (![]() |
English adds, Italian zero | |
[dʒ]1 (![]() |
English judge | |
[dʑ]1 (![]() |
Polish niedźwiedź "bear" | Like [dʒ], but with more of a y-sound. |
[dʐ]1 (![]() |
Polish dżem "jam" | Like [dʒ] with the tongue curled or pulled back. |
E | ||
[e] (![]() |
Spanish fe; French clé | |
[eː] (![]() |
German Klee | Long [e]. Similar to English hey, before the y sets in. |
[ɘ] (![]() |
Australian English bird | |
[ə] (![]() |
English above, Hindi ठग [ʈʰəɡ] (thug) "thief" | (Only occurs in English when not stressed.) |
[ɚ] (![]() |
American English runner | |
[ɛ] (![]() |
English bet | |
[ɛ̃] (![]() |
French Saint-Étienne, vin, main | Nasalized [ɛ]. |
[ɜ] (![]() |
RP bird (long) | |
[ɝ] (![]() |
American English bird | |
F | ||
[f] (![]() |
English fun | |
[ɟ] (![]() |
see under J | |
[ʄ] (![]() |
see under J | |
G | ||
[ɡ] (![]() |
English gag | (Should look like ![]() |
[ɠ] (![]() |
Swahili Uganda | Like [ɡ] said with a gulp. |
[ɢ] (![]() |
Like [ɡ], but further back, in the throat. Found in Persian and some Arabic dialects for /q/, as in Muammar Gaddafi. | |
[ʒ] (![]() |
see under Z | English beige. |
H | ||
[h] (![]() |
American English house | |
[ɦ] (![]() |
English ahead, when said quickly. | |
[ʰ] | The extra puff of air in English top [tʰɒp] compared to stop [stɒp], or to French or Spanish [t]. | |
[ħ] (![]() |
Arabic مُحَمَّد Muhammad | Far down in the throat, like [h], but stronger. |
[ɥ] | see under Y | |
[ɮ] (![]() |
see under L | |
I | ||
[i] (![]() |
French ville, Spanish Valladolid | |
[iː] (![]() |
English sea | Long [i]. |
[ɪ] (![]() |
English sit | |
[ɨ] (![]() |
Russian ты "you" | Often used for unstressed English roses. |
J | ||
[j] (![]() |
English yes, hallelujah, German Junge | |
[ʲ] | Russian Ленин [ˈlʲenʲɪn] | Indicates a sound is more y-like. |
[ʝ] (![]() |
Spanish cayo (some dialects) | Like [j], but stronger. |
[ɟ] (![]() |
Turkish gör "see", Czech díra "hole" | Between English dew (RP) and argue. Sometimes used instead for [dʒ] in languages like Hindi. |
[ʄ] (![]() |
Swahili jambo | Like [ɟ] said with a gulp. |
K | ||
[k] (![]() |
English kick, skip | |
L | ||
[l] (![]() |
English leaf | |
[ɫ] (![]() |
English wool Russian малый [ˈmɑɫɨj] "small" |
"Dark" el. |
[ɬ] (![]() |
Welsh llwyd [ɬʊɪd] "grey" Zulu hlala [ɬaːla] "sit" |
By touching roof of mouth with tongue and giving a quick breath out. Found in Welsh placenames like Llangollen and Llanelli and Nelson Mandela's Xhosa name Rolihlahla. |
[ɭ] (![]() |
Like [l] with the tongue curled or pulled back. | |
[ɺ] | A flapped [l], like [l] and [ɾ] said together. | |
[ɮ] (![]() |
Zulu dla "eat" | Rather like [l] and [ʒ], or [l] and [ð], said together. |
M | ||
[m] (![]() |
English mime | |
[ɱ] (![]() |
English symphony | Like [m], but lips touch teeth as they do in [f]. |
[ɯ] (![]() |
see under W | |
[ʍ] (![]() |
see under W | |
N | ||
[n] (![]() |
English nun | |
[ŋ] (![]() |
English sing, Māori nga | |
[ɲ] (![]() |
Spanish Peña, French champagne | Rather like English canyon (/nj/ said quickly). |
[ɳ] (![]() |
Hindi वरुण [ʋəruɳ] Varuna | Like [n] with the tongue curled or pulled back. |
[ɴ] (![]() |
Castilian Spanish Don Juan [doɴˈχwan] | Like [ŋ], but further back, in the throat. |
O | ||
[o] (![]() |
Spanish no, French eau | |
[oː] (![]() |
German Boden, French Vosges | Long [o]. Somewhat reminiscent of English no. |
[ɔ] (![]() |
German Oldenburg, French Garonne | |
[ɔː] (![]() |
RP law, French Limoges | Long [ɔ]. |
[ɔ̃] (![]() |
French Lyon, son | Nasalized [ɔ]. |
[ø] (![]() |
French feu, bœufs | Like [e], but with the lips rounded like [o]. |
[øː] (![]() |
German Goethe, French Deûle, neutre | Long [ø]. |
[ɵ] (![]() |
Swedish dum | Halfway between [o] and [ø]. Similar to [ʊ] but with the tongue slightly more down and front. |
[œ] (![]() |
French bœuf, seul, German Göttingen | Like [ɛ], but with the lips rounded like [ɔ]. |
[œː] (![]() |
French œuvre, heure | Long [œ]. |
[œ̃] (![]() |
French brun, parfum | Nasalized [œ]. |
[θ] (![]() |
see under Others | |
[ɸ] (![]() |
see under Others | |
P | ||
[p] (![]() |
English pip | |
Q | ||
[q] (![]() |
Arabic قُرْآن Qur’ān | Like [k], but further back, in the throat. |
R | ||
[r] (![]() |
Spanish perro, Scots borrow | "Rolled R". (Often used for other rhotics, such as English [ɹ], when there's no ambiguity.) |
[ɾ] (![]() |
Spanish pero, Tagalog daliri, Malay kabar, American English kitty/kiddie | "Flapped R". |
[ʀ] (![]() |
Dutch rood and German rot (some speakers) | A trill in the back of the throat. Found for /r/ in some conservative registers of French. |
[ɽ] (![]() |
Hindi साड़ी [sɑːɽiː] "sari" | Like flapped [ɾ], but with the tongue curled back. |
[ɹ] (![]() |
RP borrow | |
[ɻ] (![]() |
Mandarin 人民日报 Rénmín Rìbào "People's Daily", American English borrow, butter | Like [ɹ], but with the tongue curled or pulled back, as pronounced by many English speakers. |
[ʁ] (![]() |
French Paris, German Riemann | Said back in the throat, but not trilled. |
S | ||
[s] (![]() |
English sass | |
[ʃ] (![]() |
English shoe | |
[ʂ] (![]() |
Mandarin 少林 (Shàolín), Russian Пушкин (Pushkin) | Acoustically similar to [ʃ], but with the tongue curled or pulled back. |
T | ||
[t] (![]() |
English tot, stop | |
[ʈ] (![]() |
Hindi ठग [ʈʰəɡ] (thug) "thief" | Like [t], but with the tongue curled or pulled back. |
[ts]2 (![]() |
English cats, Russian царь tsar | |
[tʃ]2 (![]() |
English church | |
[tɕ]2 (![]() |
Mandarin 北京 ![]() |
Like [tʃ], but with more of a y-sound. |
[tʂ]2 (![]() |
Mandarin 真正 zhēnzhèng, Polish czas | Like [tʃ] with the tongue curled or pulled back. |
U | ||
[u] (![]() |
French vous "you" | |
[uː] (![]() |
French Rocquencourt, German Schumacher, close to RP food | Long [u]. |
[ʊ] (![]() |
English foot, German Bundesrepublik | |
[ʉ] (![]() |
Australian English food (long) | Like [ɨ], but with the lips rounded as for [u]. |
[ɥ] | see under Y | |
[ɯ] (![]() |
see under W | |
V | ||
[v] (![]() |
English verve | |
[ʋ] (![]() |
Hindi वरुण [ʋəruɳə] "Varuna" | Between [v] and [w]. Used by some Germans and Russians for v/w, and by some speakers of British English for r. |
[ɤ] (![]() |
see under Y | |
[ɣ] (![]() |
see under Y | |
[ʌ] (![]() |
see under A | |
W | ||
[w] (![]() |
English wow | |
[ʷ] | English rain [ɹʷeɪn] | Indicates a sound has lip rounding, quick. |
[ʍ] (![]() |
what (some dialects) | like [h] and [w] said together |
[ɯ] (![]() |
Turkish kayık "caïque", Scottish Gaelic gaol | Like [u], but with the lips flat; something like [ʊ]. |
[ɰ] (![]() |
Spanish agua | |
X | ||
[x] (![]() |
Scottish English loch, German Bach, Russian хороший [xɐˈroʂɨj] "good", Spanish joven | between [k] and [h] |
[χ] (![]() |
northern Standard Dutch Scheveningen, Castilian Spanish Don Juan [doɴˈχwan] | Like [x], but further back, in the throat. Some German and Arabic speakers have [χ] for [x]. |
Y | ||
[y] (![]() |
French rue | Like [i], but with the lips rounded as for [u]. |
[yː] (![]() |
German Bülow, French sûr | Long [y]. |
[ʏ] (![]() |
German Düsseldorf | Like [ɪ], but with the lips rounded as for [ʊ]. |
[ɣ] (![]() |
Arabic غَالِي ghālī and Swahili ghali "expensive", Spanish suegro | Sounds rather like French [ʁ] or between [ɡ] and [h]. |
[ɤ] (![]() |
Mandarin 河南 Hénán, Scottish Gaelic taigh | Like [o] but without the lips rounded, something like a cross of [ʊ] and [ʌ]. |
[ʎ] (![]() |
Italian tagliatelle | Like [l], but more y-like. Rather like English volume. |
[ɥ] | French lui | Like [j] and [w] said together. |
Z | ||
[z] (![]() |
English zoo | |
[ʒ] (![]() |
English vision, French journal | |
[ʑ] (![]() |
formal Russian жжёшь [ʑːoʂ] "you burn", Polish źle | More y-like than [ʒ], something like beigey. |
[ʐ] (![]() |
Russian жир "fat" | Like [ʒ] with the tongue curled or pulled back. |
[ɮ] (![]() |
see under L | |
Others | ||
[θ] (![]() |
English thigh, bath | |
[ɸ] (![]() |
Japanese 富士 [ɸɯdʑi] Fuji, Māori [ˌɸaːɾeːˈnuiː] wharenui | Like [p], but with the lips not quite touching |
[ʔ] (![]() |
English uh-oh, Hawai‘i, German die Angst | The 'glottal stop', a catch in the breath. For some people, found in button [ˈbʌʔn̩], or between vowels across words: Deus ex machina [ˌdeɪəsˌʔɛksˈmɑːkɪnə]; in some nonstandard dialects, in a apple [əˈʔæpl̩]. |
[ʕ] (![]() |
Arabic عَرَبِيّ ʻarabī "Arabic" | A light sound deep in the throat. |
[ǀ] (![]() |
English tsk-tsk! or tut-tut!, Zulu icici "earring" | (The English click used for disapproval.) Several distinct sounds, written as digraphs, including [kǀ], [ɡǀ], [ŋǀ]. The Zimbabwean MP Ncube has this click in his name, as did Cetshwayo. |
[ǁ] (![]() |
English tchick! tchick!, Zulu ixoxo "frog" | (The English click used to urge on a horse.) Several distinct sounds, written as digraphs, including [kǁ], [ɡǁ], [ŋǁ]. Found in the name of the Xhosa. |
[ǃ] (![]() |
Zulu iqaqa "polecat" | (The English click used to imitate the trotting of a horse.) A hollow popping sound, like a cork pulled from a bottle. Several distinct sounds, written as digraphs, including [kǃ], [ɡǃ], [ŋǃ]. |