جزیە

جزیە ساڵانە باجێکە کە زیمیەکان دەبێت بیدەن بۆ ئەوەی لە خاکە موسڵمانەکاندا بژین و لەلایەن موسڵمانانەوە بپارێزرێن.^[١]^[٢]^[٣] قورئان و فەرموودەکان باس لە جزیە دەکەن بە ئیجباری.^[٤] نرخی پارەی جیزیا بەندە بەوەوە کە دیمیەکان چەندە دەوڵەمەندن، ئەگەر دەوڵەمەندتر بن، بڕە پارەیەکی زیاتریان ھەیە بۆ ئەوەی بیدەن، ئەگەر ھەژارتر بن، بڕە پارەیەکی کەمتریان ھەیە بۆ ئەوەی بیدەن.^[٥]

شێخەکان موسڵمانان داوایان لە پیاوی پێگەیشتوو، ئازاد، عەقڵانی ناو کۆمەڵگەی زیمە دەکرد کە جزیە بدەن،^[٦] لەکاتێکدا ژن، منداڵ، بەساڵاچوو، کەمئەندام، نەخۆش، شێت، کۆیلە،^[٧]^[٨]^[٩]^[١٠]^[١١] و ھەژارانی زۆر لە پارەدان بەخشراو بوون.^[٨]^[١٢]^[١٣]

سەرچاوەکان

↑ Abdel-Haleem، Muhammad (٢٠١٠). Understanding the Qur'ān: Themes and Style. I. B. Tauris & Co Ltd. لاپەڕە ٧٠, ٧٩. ژپنک ٩٧٨–١٨٤٥١١٧٨٩٤. {{cite book}}: نرخی |ژپنک= بپشکنە: نووسەی نادروست (یارمەتی)
↑ Abou Al-Fadl 2002، لاپەڕە ٢١. "When the Qur'an was revealed, it was common inside and outside of Arabia to levy poll taxes against alien groups. Building upon the historical practice, classical Muslim jurists argued that the poll tax is money collected by the Islamic polity from non-Muslims in return for the protection of the Muslim state. If the Muslim state was incapable of extending such protection to non-Muslims, it was not supposed to levy a poll tax."
↑ Jizyah ٨ی ئەیلوولی ٢٠١٥ لە وەیبەک مەشین، ئەرشیڤ کراوە. The Oxford Dictionary of Islam (2010), Oxford University Press, Quote: Jizyah: Compensation. Poll tax levied on non-Muslims, such as Jews and Christians, as a form of tribute and in exchange for an exemption from military service, based on Quran 9:29.
↑ Sabet, Amr (2006), The American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences 24:4, Oxford; pp. 99–100.
↑ Abu Khalil، Shawkiy (٢٠٠٦). al-Islām fī Qafaṣ al-ʾIttihām الإسلام فی قفص الإتھام (بە عەرەبی). Dār al-Fikr. لاپەڕە ١٤٩. ژپنک ٩٧٨–١٥٧٥٤٧٠٠٤٧. {{cite book}}: نرخی |ژپنک= بپشکنە: نووسەی نادروست (یارمەتی) Quote: و یعین مقدار الجزیة إعتبارا لحالتھم الإقتصادیة، فیؤخد من الموسرین أکثر و من الوسط أقل منە و من الفقراء شیء قلیل جدا؛ و علی الدین لا معاش لھم أو ھم عالة علی غیرھم یعفون من أداء الجزیة. Translation: "The amount of jizya is determined in consideration of their economic status, so that more is taken from the prosperous, less from the middle [class], and a very small amount from the poor (fuqaraʾ). Those who do not have any means of livelihood or depend on support of others are exempted from paying the jizya." (online)
↑ M. Zawati، Hilmi (٢٠٠٢). Is Jihād a Just War?: War, Peace, and Human Rights Under Islamic and Public International Law (Studies in religion & society). Edwin Mellen Press. لاپەڕە ٦٣–٤. ژپنک ٩٧٨–٠٧٧٣٤٧٣٠٤١. {{cite book}}: نرخی |ژپنک= بپشکنە: نووسەی نادروست (یارمەتی)
↑ Wael، B. Hallaq (٢٠٠٩). Sharī'a: Theory, Practice and Transformations. Cambridge University Press. لاپەڕە ٣٣٢–٣. ژپنک ٩٧٨-٠-٥٢١-٨٦١٤٧-٢.
1 2 Ellethy 2014، لاپەڕە ١٨١. "[...] the insignificant amount of this yearly tax, the fact that it was progressive, that elders, poor people, handicapped, women, children, monks and hermits were exempted, leave no doubt about exploitation or persecution of those who did not accept Islam. Comparing its amount to the obligatory zaka which an ex-dhimmi should give to the Muslim state in case he converts to Islam dismisses the claim that its aim was forced conversions to Islam."
↑ Alshech، Eli (٢٠٠٣). «Islamic Law, Practice, and Legal Doctrine: Exempting the Poor from the Jizya under the Ayyubids (1171-1250)». Islamic Law and Society. ١٠ (3): ٣٤٨–٣٧٥. doi:١٠.١١٦٣/١٥٦٨٥١٩٠٣٧٧٠٢٢٧٥٨٤. ...jurists divided the dhimma community into two major groups. The first group consists of all adult, free, sane males among the dhimma community, while the second includes all other dhimmas (i.e. , women, slaves, minors, and the insane). Jurists generally agree that members of the second group are to be granted a "blanket" exemption from jizya payment.
↑ Rispler-Chaim، Vardit (٢٠٠٧). Disability in Islamic law. Dordrecht, the Netherlands: Springer. لاپەڕە ٤٤. ژپنک ٩٧٨–١٤٠٢٠٥٠٥٢٧. The Hanbali position is that boys, women, the mentally insane, the zamin, and the blind are exempt from paying jizya. This view is supposedly shared by the Hanafis, Shafi'is, and Malikis. {{cite book}}: نرخی |ژپنک= بپشکنە: نووسەی نادروست (یارمەتی)
↑ Majid Khadduri, War and Peace in the Law of Islam, pp. 192-3.
↑ Ghazi, Kalin & Kamali 2013، لاپەڕەکانی 240–1.
↑ Abdel-Haleem 2012، لاپەڕەکانی ٧٥–٦, ٧٧.

دەروازەی ئیسلام

ئەم «ئیسلام» وتارە کۆلکەیەکە. دەتوانیت بە فراوانکردنی یارمەتیی ویکیپیدیا بدەیت.

[Abdel-Haleem2010-1] Abdel-Haleem، Muhammad (٢٠١٠). Understanding the Qur'ān: Themes and Style. I. B. Tauris & Co Ltd. لاپەڕە ٧٠, ٧٩. ژپنک ٩٧٨–١٨٤٥١١٧٨٩٤. {{cite book}}: نرخی |ژپنک= بپشکنە: نووسەی نادروست (یارمەتی)

[FOOTNOTEAbou_Al-Fadl2002٢١-2] Abou Al-Fadl 2002، لاپەڕە ٢١. "When the Qur'an was revealed, it was common inside and outside of Arabia to levy poll taxes against alien groups. Building upon the historical practice, classical Muslim jurists argued that the poll tax is money collected by the Islamic polity from non-Muslims in return for the protection of the Muslim state. If the Muslim state was incapable of extending such protection to non-Muslims, it was not supposed to levy a poll tax."

[3] Jizyah ٨ی ئەیلوولی ٢٠١٥ لە وەیبەک مەشین، ئەرشیڤ کراوە. The Oxford Dictionary of Islam (2010), Oxford University Press, Quote: Jizyah: Compensation. Poll tax levied on non-Muslims, such as Jews and Christians, as a form of tribute and in exchange for an exemption from military service, based on Quran 9:29.

[asabet-4] Sabet, Amr (2006), The American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences 24:4, Oxford; pp. 99–100.

[5] Abu Khalil، Shawkiy (٢٠٠٦). al-Islām fī Qafaṣ al-ʾIttihām الإسلام فی قفص الإتھام (بە عەرەبی). Dār al-Fikr. لاپەڕە ١٤٩. ژپنک ٩٧٨–١٥٧٥٤٧٠٠٤٧. {{cite book}}: نرخی |ژپنک= بپشکنە: نووسەی نادروست (یارمەتی) Quote: و یعین مقدار الجزیة إعتبارا لحالتھم الإقتصادیة، فیؤخد من الموسرین أکثر و من الوسط أقل منە و من الفقراء شیء قلیل جدا؛ و علی الدین لا معاش لھم أو ھم عالة علی غیرھم یعفون من أداء الجزیة. Translation: "The amount of jizya is determined in consideration of their economic status, so that more is taken from the prosperous, less from the middle [class], and a very small amount from the poor (fuqaraʾ). Those who do not have any means of livelihood or depend on support of others are exempted from paying the jizya." (online)

[Hilmi1-6] M. Zawati، Hilmi (٢٠٠٢). Is Jihād a Just War?: War, Peace, and Human Rights Under Islamic and Public International Law (Studies in religion & society). Edwin Mellen Press. لاپەڕە ٦٣–٤. ژپنک ٩٧٨–٠٧٧٣٤٧٣٠٤١. {{cite book}}: نرخی |ژپنک= بپشکنە: نووسەی نادروست (یارمەتی)

[waelhallaq-7] Wael، B. Hallaq (٢٠٠٩). Sharī'a: Theory, Practice and Transformations. Cambridge University Press. لاپەڕە ٣٣٢–٣. ژپنک ٩٧٨-٠-٥٢١-٨٦١٤٧-٢.

[FOOTNOTEEllethy2014١٨١-8] 1 2 Ellethy 2014، لاپەڕە ١٨١. "[...] the insignificant amount of this yearly tax, the fact that it was progressive, that elders, poor people, handicapped, women, children, monks and hermits were exempted, leave no doubt about exploitation or persecution of those who did not accept Islam. Comparing its amount to the obligatory zaka which an ex-dhimmi should give to the Muslim state in case he converts to Islam dismisses the claim that its aim was forced conversions to Islam."

[Islamic_Law_1250-9] Alshech، Eli (٢٠٠٣). «Islamic Law, Practice, and Legal Doctrine: Exempting the Poor from the Jizya under the Ayyubids (1171-1250)». Islamic Law and Society. ١٠ (3): ٣٤٨–٣٧٥. doi:١٠.١١٦٣/١٥٦٨٥١٩٠٣٧٧٠٢٢٧٥٨٤. ...jurists divided the dhimma community into two major groups. The first group consists of all adult, free, sane males among the dhimma community, while the second includes all other dhimmas (i.e. , women, slaves, minors, and the insane). Jurists generally agree that members of the second group are to be granted a "blanket" exemption from jizya payment.

[Disability_in_Islamic_law-10] Rispler-Chaim، Vardit (٢٠٠٧). Disability in Islamic law. Dordrecht, the Netherlands: Springer. لاپەڕە ٤٤. ژپنک ٩٧٨–١٤٠٢٠٥٠٥٢٧. The Hanbali position is that boys, women, the mentally insane, the zamin, and the blind are exempt from paying jizya. This view is supposedly shared by the Hanafis, Shafi'is, and Malikis. {{cite book}}: نرخی |ژپنک= بپشکنە: نووسەی نادروست (یارمەتی)

[11] Majid Khadduri, War and Peace in the Law of Islam, pp. 192-3.

[FOOTNOTEGhaziKalinKamali2013240–1-12] Ghazi, Kalin & Kamali 2013، لاپەڕەکانی 240–1.

[FOOTNOTEAbdel-Haleem2012٧٥–٦,_٧٧-13] Abdel-Haleem 2012، لاپەڕەکانی ٧٥–٦, ٧٧.

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