ماتماتیک: جیاوازیی نێوان پێداچوونەوەکان

ناوەڕۆکی سڕاو ناوەڕۆکی زیادکراو

نێوھێڵ

وەک پێداچوونەوەی ‏١٩:١٠، ٢٤ی شوباتی ٢٠٢١

ماتماتیکزانی یۆنانی ئیقلیدس، سەدەی ٣ەم پ. ز.، بە پێی خەیاڵی ڕافایێل لە ئەم وردەکارییەی تابلۆی *قوتابخانەی ئەسینا* (١٥٠٩–١٥١١)^[ئ]

ماتماتیک (لە وشەی یۆنانیی μάθημα، 'زانین، خوێندن، فێربوون') یان بیرکاری پێکدێت لە لێکۆڵینەوە لە بابەتەکانی وەک چەندێتی (تیۆریی ژمارە)،^[١] سترەکچەر (جەبر)،^[٢] بۆشایی (ئەندازە)،^[١] و جیاکاری و تەواوکاری (شیکاری).^[٣]^[٤]^[٥] هیچ پێناسەیەکی قبووڵکراوی گشتی نییە.^[٦]^[٧]

بیرکاران بەردەوام بۆ نەخشگەلی بنەڕەتی دەگەڕێن، گومانە تازەکان دەکەن بە ڕێسا، و بە ھەڵھێنجان لە پێناسەکان و بەڵگەنەویستەکان بە چەشنی گونجاو ھەڵبژێردراو بناغەی ڕاستی دادەنێن.

لەسەر ئەوەی کە ئاخۆ شتانی بیرکارانە (وەکوو ژمارەکان یان خاڵەکان) سروشتین و خۆڕسکانە بوونیان ھەیە یان مرۆڤ خولقاندوونی ھێشتا باس و گفتوگۆ دەکرێت. بیرکار "بێنجەمین پێرس" ئەوھا بیرکاری دەناسێنێت: "ئەو زانستەی کە دەرەنجامە پێویستەکانمان بۆ گەڵاڵە دەکات". لە لایەکی ترەوە، ئەلبێرت ئەینشتاین، دەڵێت: "تا ئەو شوێنەی کە یاساکانی بیرکاری ئاماژە بە ڕاستەقینە دەدەن، بێگومان نین؛ و تا ئەو شوێنەی کە بێگومانن، ئاماژە بە ڕاستەقینە نادەن".

بە کەڵک وەرگرتن لە دەرھەستکاری و بە بەکارھێنانی ئاوەز، زانستی بیرکاری ھەرڕۆژ لە گەشە و پەرەسەندندایە. بوارەکانی ژماردن، پێوان، توێژینەوەی ژێرجڵەوانەی شێوە ئەندازەییەکان، و جووڵەی شتە فیزیکییەکان ھەرڕۆژ بەربڵاوتر و بەرینتر دەبن.

بوارەکانی بیرکاری

چەندێتی

لێکۆڵینەوەی چەندێتییەکان بە ژمارەکانەوە دەست پێدەکات:

$1,2,3\,\!$	$-2,-1,0,1,2\,\!$	$-2,{\frac {2}{3}},1.21\,\!$	$-e,{\sqrt {2}},3,\pi \,\!$	$2,i,-2+3i,2e^{i{\frac {4\pi }{3}}}\,\!$
ژمارە سروشتییەکان	ژمارە تەواوەکان	ژمارە ڕێژەیییەکان	ژمارە ڕاستییەکان	ژمارە ئاوێتەکان

بۆشایی

لێکۆڵینەوی فەزا بە ئەندازەوە دەست پێدەکات:


ئەندازە	سێگۆشەزانی	ئەندازەی دیفرانسیێلی	تۆپۆلۆژی	ئەندازەی فراکتالی

گۆڕان


ئاڕاستەکراوەکان	جیاکاری و تەواوکاریی ئاڕاستەکراو	ھاوکێشە جیاکارییەکان	سیستەمی دینامیکال	بیردۆزی شێواوی

پێکھاتە


بیردۆزی ژمارە	جەبری پەتی	بیردۆزی گرووپ	بیردۆزی تیۆری

بناغەکان و فەلسەفە

$p\Rightarrow q\,$
ژیربێژی	تیۆری کۆمەڵە	بیرۆدۆزی پۆلێن

سەرچاوەکان

^ ^ئ ^ا "mathematics, n.". Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. 2012. Archived from the original on November 16, 2019. Retrieved June 16, 2012. The science of space, number, quantity, and arrangement, whose methods involve logical reasoning and usually the use of symbolic notation, and which includes geometry, arithmetic, algebra, and analysis.
^ Kneebone, G.T. (1963). Mathematical Logic and the Foundations of Mathematics: An Introductory Survey. Dover. p. 4. ISBN 978-0-486-41712-7. Mathematics ... is simply the study of abstract structures, or formal patterns of connectedness.
^ LaTorre, Donald R.; Kenelly, John W.; Biggers, Sherry S.; Carpenter, Laurel R.; Reed, Iris B.; Harris, Cynthia R. (2011). Calculus Concepts: An Informal Approach to the Mathematics of Change. Cengage Learning. p. 2. ISBN 978-1-4390-4957-0. Calculus is the study of change—how things change, and how quickly they change.
^ Ramana (2007). Applied Mathematics. Tata McGraw–Hill Education. p. 2.10. ISBN 978-0-07-066753-2. The mathematical study of change, motion, growth or decay is calculus.
^ Ziegler, Günter M. (2011). "What Is Mathematics?". An Invitation to Mathematics: From Competitions to Research. Springer. p. vii. ISBN 978-3-642-19532-7.
^ Mura, Roberta (Dec 1993). "Images of Mathematics Held by University Teachers of Mathematical Sciences". Educational Studies in Mathematics. 25 (4): 375–85. doi:10.1007/BF01273907. JSTOR 3482762. S2CID 122351146.
^ Tobies, Renate & Helmut Neunzert (2012). Iris Runge: A Life at the Crossroads of Mathematics, Science, and Industry. Springer. p. 9. ISBN 978-3-0348-0229-1. [I]t is first necessary to ask what is meant by mathematics in general. Illustrious scholars have debated this matter until they were blue in the face, and yet no consensus has been reached about whether mathematics is a natural science, a branch of the humanities, or an art form.

ھەڵەی ژێدەرەکان: <ref> tags exist for a group named "kurdish-alpha", but no corresponding <references group="kurdish-alpha"/> tag was found

[OED-2] ئ ^ا "mathematics, n.". Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. 2012. Archived from the original on November 16, 2019. Retrieved June 16, 2012. The science of space, number, quantity, and arrangement, whose methods involve logical reasoning and usually the use of symbolic notation, and which includes geometry, arithmetic, algebra, and analysis.

[Kneebone-3] Kneebone, G.T. (1963). Mathematical Logic and the Foundations of Mathematics: An Introductory Survey. Dover. p. 4. ISBN 978-0-486-41712-7. Mathematics ... is simply the study of abstract structures, or formal patterns of connectedness.

[LaTorre-4] LaTorre, Donald R.; Kenelly, John W.; Biggers, Sherry S.; Carpenter, Laurel R.; Reed, Iris B.; Harris, Cynthia R. (2011). Calculus Concepts: An Informal Approach to the Mathematics of Change. Cengage Learning. p. 2. ISBN 978-1-4390-4957-0. Calculus is the study of change—how things change, and how quickly they change.

[Ramana-5] Ramana (2007). Applied Mathematics. Tata McGraw–Hill Education. p. 2.10. ISBN 978-0-07-066753-2. The mathematical study of change, motion, growth or decay is calculus.

[Ziegler-6] Ziegler, Günter M. (2011). "What Is Mathematics?". An Invitation to Mathematics: From Competitions to Research. Springer. p. vii. ISBN 978-3-642-19532-7.

[Mura-7] Mura, Roberta (Dec 1993). "Images of Mathematics Held by University Teachers of Mathematical Sciences". Educational Studies in Mathematics. 25 (4): 375–85. doi:10.1007/BF01273907. JSTOR 3482762. S2CID 122351146.

[Runge-8] Tobies, Renate & Helmut Neunzert (2012). Iris Runge: A Life at the Crossroads of Mathematics, Science, and Industry. Springer. p. 9. ISBN 978-3-0348-0229-1. [I]t is first necessary to ask what is meant by mathematics in general. Illustrious scholars have debated this matter until they were blue in the face, and yet no consensus has been reached about whether mathematics is a natural science, a branch of the humanities, or an art form.

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@@ ھێڵی ٢: / ھێڵی ٢: @@
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+[[File:Euclid.jpg|thumb|ماتماتیکزانی یۆنانی [[ئیقلیدس]]، سەدەی ٣ەم پ. ز.، بە پێی خەیاڵی [[ڕافایێل]] لە ئەم وردەکارییەی تابلۆی ''قوتابخانەی ئەسینا'' (١٥٠٩–١٥١١){{efn|هیچ وەسف و زانیارییەک لەسەر دەرکەوتەی ئیقلیدس لە بەردەستدا نەماوە. لەبەرئەوە، دەرکەوتنی ئیقلیدس لە کارە هونەرییەکاندا بەپێی خەیاڵی هونەرمەندەکە بووە (بڕوانە ''[[ئیقلیدس]]''.)}}]]
-[[پەڕگە:Euclid.jpg|وێنۆک|[[ئوقلیدوس]]، بیرکاری یۆنانی، سەدەی سێی پێش لەدایکبوونی مەسیح]]
-'''ماتماتیک''' (لە وشەی یۆنانیی μάθημα، 'زانین، خوێندن، فێربوون') یان '''بیرکاری''' پێکدێت لە لێکۆڵینەوە لە بابەتەکانی وەک [[چەندێتی]] ([[تیۆریی ژمارە]])،<ref name="OED">{{cite web |url=http://oed.com/view/Entry/114974 |title=mathematics, ''n.'' |publisher=Oxford University Press |website=Oxford English Dictionary |year=2012 |access-date=June 16, 2012 |quote=The science of space, number, quantity, and arrangement, whose methods involve logical reasoning and usually the use of symbolic notation, and which includes geometry, arithmetic, algebra, and analysis. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191116075558/https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/114974 |archive-date=November 16, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> سترەکچەر ([[جەبر]])،<ref name="Kneebone">{{cite book |title=Mathematical Logic and the Foundations of Mathematics: An Introductory Survey |publisher=Dover |author=Kneebone, G.T. |year=1963 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=tCXxf4vbXCcC&pg=PA4 4] |isbn=978-0-486-41712-7 |quote=Mathematics&nbsp;... is simply the study of abstract structures, or formal patterns of connectedness.}}</ref> [[بۆشایی]] ([[ئەندازە]])،<ref name=OED/> و [[جیاکاری و تەواوکاری]] ([[شیکاریی ماتماتیکی|شیکاری]]).<ref name="LaTorre">{{cite book |title=Calculus Concepts: An Informal Approach to the Mathematics of Change |publisher=Cengage Learning |first1=Donald R. |last1=LaTorre |first2=John W. |last2=Kenelly |first3=Sherry S. |last3=Biggers |first4=Laurel R. |last4=Carpenter |first5=Iris B. |last5=Reed |first6=Cynthia R. |last6=Harris |year=2011 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=1Ebu2Tij4QsC&pg=PA2 2] |isbn=978-1-4390-4957-0 |quote=Calculus is the study of change—how things change, and how quickly they change.}}</ref><ref name="Ramana">{{cite book |title=Applied Mathematics |publisher=Tata McGraw–Hill Education |author=Ramana |year=2007 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=XCRC6BeKhIIC&pg=SA2–PA10 2.10] |isbn=978-0-07-066753-2 |quote=The mathematical study of change, motion, growth or decay is calculus.}}</ref><ref name="Ziegler">{{cite book |title=An Invitation to Mathematics: From Competitions to Research |publisher=Springer |author=Ziegler, Günter M. |author-link=Günter M. Ziegler |year=2011 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=9TATfteVeVYC&pg=PR7 vii] |isbn=978-3-642-19532-7 |chapter=What Is Mathematics?}}</ref><!--<<< Please do NOT change the opening sentence without discussion; much time and discussion have been invested in its current form.--> هیچ پێناسەیەکی کۆکبووی گشتی نییە.<ref name="Mura">{{cite journal|author=Mura, Roberta|date=Dec 1993|title=Images of Mathematics Held by University Teachers of Mathematical Sciences|journal=Educational Studies in Mathematics|volume=25|issue=4|pages=375–85|doi=10.1007/BF01273907|jstor=3482762|s2cid=122351146}}</ref><ref name="Runge">{{cite book|author1=Tobies, Renate|title=Iris Runge: A Life at the Crossroads of Mathematics, Science, and Industry|title-link=Iris Runge|author2=Helmut Neunzert|publisher=Springer|year=2012|isbn=978-3-0348-0229-1|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=EDm0eQqFUQ4C&pg=PA9 9]|quote=[I]t is first necessary to ask what is meant by ''mathematics'' in general. Illustrious scholars have debated this matter until they were blue in the face, and yet no consensus has been reached about whether mathematics is a natural science, a branch of the humanities, or an art form.|author1-link=Renate Tobies|name-list-style=amp}}</ref>
+'''ماتماتیک''' (لە وشەی یۆنانیی μάθημα، 'زانین، خوێندن، فێربوون') یان '''بیرکاری''' پێکدێت لە لێکۆڵینەوە لە بابەتەکانی وەک [[چەندێتی]] ([[تیۆریی ژمارە]])،<ref name="OED">{{cite web |url=http://oed.com/view/Entry/114974 |title=mathematics, ''n.'' |publisher=Oxford University Press |website=Oxford English Dictionary |year=2012 |access-date=June 16, 2012 |quote=The science of space, number, quantity, and arrangement, whose methods involve logical reasoning and usually the use of symbolic notation, and which includes geometry, arithmetic, algebra, and analysis. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191116075558/https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/114974 |archive-date=November 16, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> سترەکچەر ([[جەبر]])،<ref name="Kneebone">{{cite book |title=Mathematical Logic and the Foundations of Mathematics: An Introductory Survey |publisher=Dover |author=Kneebone, G.T. |year=1963 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=tCXxf4vbXCcC&pg=PA4 4] |isbn=978-0-486-41712-7 |quote=Mathematics&nbsp;... is simply the study of abstract structures, or formal patterns of connectedness.}}</ref> [[بۆشایی]] ([[ئەندازە]])،<ref name=OED/> و [[جیاکاری و تەواوکاری]] ([[شیکاریی ماتماتیکی|شیکاری]]).<ref name="LaTorre">{{cite book |title=Calculus Concepts: An Informal Approach to the Mathematics of Change |publisher=Cengage Learning |first1=Donald R. |last1=LaTorre |first2=John W. |last2=Kenelly |first3=Sherry S. |last3=Biggers |first4=Laurel R. |last4=Carpenter |first5=Iris B. |last5=Reed |first6=Cynthia R. |last6=Harris |year=2011 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=1Ebu2Tij4QsC&pg=PA2 2] |isbn=978-1-4390-4957-0 |quote=Calculus is the study of change—how things change, and how quickly they change.}}</ref><ref name="Ramana">{{cite book |title=Applied Mathematics |publisher=Tata McGraw–Hill Education |author=Ramana |year=2007 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=XCRC6BeKhIIC&pg=SA2–PA10 2.10] |isbn=978-0-07-066753-2 |quote=The mathematical study of change, motion, growth or decay is calculus.}}</ref><ref name="Ziegler">{{cite book |title=An Invitation to Mathematics: From Competitions to Research |publisher=Springer |author=Ziegler, Günter M. |author-link=Günter M. Ziegler |year=2011 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=9TATfteVeVYC&pg=PR7 vii] |isbn=978-3-642-19532-7 |chapter=What Is Mathematics?}}</ref><!--<<< Please do NOT change the opening sentence without discussion; much time and discussion have been invested in its current form.--> هیچ پێناسەیەکی قبووڵکراوی گشتی نییە.<ref name="Mura">{{cite journal|author=Mura, Roberta|date=Dec 1993|title=Images of Mathematics Held by University Teachers of Mathematical Sciences|journal=Educational Studies in Mathematics|volume=25|issue=4|pages=375–85|doi=10.1007/BF01273907|jstor=3482762|s2cid=122351146}}</ref><ref name="Runge">{{cite book|author1=Tobies, Renate|title=Iris Runge: A Life at the Crossroads of Mathematics, Science, and Industry|title-link=Iris Runge|author2=Helmut Neunzert|publisher=Springer|year=2012|isbn=978-3-0348-0229-1|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=EDm0eQqFUQ4C&pg=PA9 9]|quote=[I]t is first necessary to ask what is meant by ''mathematics'' in general. Illustrious scholars have debated this matter until they were blue in the face, and yet no consensus has been reached about whether mathematics is a natural science, a branch of the humanities, or an art form.|author1-link=Renate Tobies|name-list-style=amp}}</ref>
 [[بیرکار|بیرکاران]] بەردەوام بۆ [[شێوەئاسا|نەخش]]<nowiki/>گەلی بنەڕەتی دەگەڕێن، گومانە تازەکان دەکەن بە ڕێسا، و بە [[ھەڵھێنجان]] لە [[پێناسە|پێناسەکان]] و [[بەڵگەنەویست|بەڵگەنەویستەکان]] بە چەشنی گونجاو ھەڵبژێردراو بناغەی [[ڕاستی]] دادەنێن.